background: to enhance the dose to tumor, the use of high atomic number elements has been proposed. objective: the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of gold nanoparticle distribution on dose enhancement in tumor when the tumor is irradiated by typical monoenergetic x-ray beams by considering homogeneous and inhomogeneous distributions of gold nanoparticles (gnps) in the tumor. meth...

Introduction: To enhance the dose to tumor, the use of high atomic number elements has been proposed. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of gold nanoparticle distribution on dose enhancement in tumor when the tumor is irradiated by typical monoenergetic X-ray beams by considering homogeneous and inhomogeneous distributions of gold nanoparticles (GNPs)...

In the defect-mediated electroweak baryogenesis scenario, baryons are produced in well separated regions of space. It is shown that between the electroweak phase transition at a temperature of T ∼ 100GeV and the end of nucleosynthesis at T ∼ 1KeV the baryon inhomogeneities dissipate, and that no constraints on defect-mediated electroweak baryogenesis can be derived from considerations of inhomo...

Background: To enhance the dose to tumor, the use of high atomic number elements has been proposed.Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of gold nanoparticle distribution on dose enhancement in tumor when the tumor is irradiated by typical monoenergetic X-ray beams by considering homogeneous and inhomogeneous distributions of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in the tumor.Method...

background: dose calculation algorithms play a very important role in predicting the explicit dose distribution. we evaluated the percent depth dose (pdd), lateral depth dose profile, and surface dose volume histogram in inhomogeneous media using calculation algorithms and inhomogeneity correction methods. materials and methods: the homogeneous and inhomogeneous virtual slab phantoms used in th...

Khokhlov–Zabolotskaya–Kuznetsov equation (φt + φφx − αφxx)x − 1/2(φyy + φzz) = 0 and its solutions are analyzed. A series of complete exact analytical solutions related to the one-dimensional and vectorial inhomogeneous Burgers equation are presented. A concrete example which corresponds to a special form of the inhomogeneous term is analyzed. Reduction to the traveling wave solution is conside...

Background: Dose calculation algorithms play a very important role in predicting the explicit dose distribution. We evaluated the percent depth dose (PDD), lateral depth dose profile, and surface dose volume histogram in inhomogeneous media using calculation algorithms and inhomogeneity correction methods. Materials and Methods: The homogeneous and inhomogeneous virtual slab phantoms used in th...

This study investigated the characteristics of output light from different types of light curing units, and their effects on polymerization of light-activated composite resin. Three quartz-tungsten-halogen lamps, one plasma arc lamp, and one LED light curing unit were used. Intensity distribution of light emitted from the light guide tip was measured at 1.0-mm intervals across the guide tip. Di...